The Iranian Revolution Of 1979 - 1396 Words

Every political development that approaches the scale of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 is guaranteed to involve a number of moving parts whose collective impact eventually yields the end result. But with the Iranian Revolution, it can be useful to simplify this more holistic view down to two figures set in a dichotomy of sorts, with each representing the two different states of Iran, Iran pre and post revolution. These two individuals, Mohamed Reza Pahlavi and Ruhollah Khomeini comprised the leadership position of Iran before and after the revolution, and due to actions of those who were in favor of the revolution became directly associated with what was the old, and what was the new path for Iran. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 was†¦show more content†¦In addition to these grievances, the rising popularity of Islamic fundamentalism and the modernism that the Shah was attempting to bring about, had great conflict with one another. On January 23, 1973 the Shah announced he was starting a White Revolution†. The Revolution consisted of many contributing programs, a few of which being, land reform, sale of government owned property to finance land reform, voting rights for women, profit-sharing for industrial workers, the creation of a literary corps, and nationalization of forests. Each of these was defined by Shah Pahlavi as having the explicit goal of bringing about the modernization of Iran. In addition to these programs, the monarchist regime was attempting to create a more western form of capitalism, the motivation for which being that the new and improved economic system would hopefully serve as a catalyst for Iran s rapid economic growth. This attempt at rapid growth created a range of social crises that threatened the survival of traditionalism and a form of capitalism that resembled the way it existed prior to the Shah’s White Revolution. The programs of

Character Analysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm - 923 Words

Animal Farm Character Analysis Essay â€Å"Old major†¦ was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour’s sleep in order to hear what he had to say† (Orwell 1). The author, George Orwell, portrayed Old Major as the wisest of all the animals on the farm, and without being said, Major was a big part of Animal Farm. In fact, he influenced the lives of all the animals with just one speech. On the day of this speech, Major taught all the animals his wise ideas in a kind supporting way. â€Å"Major’s speech had given to the more intelligent animal in the farm a new outlook on life† (Orwell 35). Truly, Major died with a purpose, which was to give hope that, with a rebellion, everything can change for the better. In fact,†¦show more content†¦For example, all of the animals followed Major’s lead when he sang â€Å"The Beast of England†. â€Å"Almost before Major had reached the end they had begun singi ng it for themselves† (Orwell 33). Old Major is a leader to many, if not of all, animals on the farm. All the animals realize his intelligence which is why they relied on him and his words. As a result, they turned Majors words into a reality. Much like Old Major, Karl Marx is wise and an influencer to many people. Also, Karl Marx had wise ideas that many people agreed with and practiced. The farm animals do not only listen to what Old Major had to say, but they also react with actions. â€Å"Three nights later Old Major died peacefully in his sleep† (Orwell 35). With Major not being there for the rebellion many situations were different than attended to be. For example, towards the end of Animal Farm the animals contradict and disobey Old Majors instructions. â€Å"Meanwhile, through the agency if Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington†(Orwell 101). Likewise, Karl Marx instructions and ideas were disobeyed and hi s way of seeing things was no longer practiced.If Old major and Karl Marx were alive during the rebellion then their wise ideas would have never failed because they strongly disagreedShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm748 Words   |  3 PagesFight me! Animals have grown to understand humans and be like humans, until they learn to fight back, and keep the idea that they’re free, and then slowly morph back into the ways it used to be when humans were in charge. Analogies about animal farm can range from, the students connecting the book to the bible, government today, passed wars, or even more, because this book was different for everyone. Animal farm is a very simple book at first, but once a person starts to talk about it, itRead MoreHow Is Marxism Portrayed in Animal Farm by George Orwell? Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesHow is Marxism portrayed throughout ‘Animal Farm’ by George Orwell? The main aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society, and ‘Animal Farm’ is generally considered to be a Marxist novel, as all its characters share a similar ambition at the beginning. ‘Animal Farm’ represents an example of the oppressed masses rising up to form their own classless society, whilst offering a subtle critique on Stalin’s Soviet Russia, and communism in general. Orwell is, ironically, revolutionary in hisRead MoreHow Has George Orwell Used Animal Farm to Present His View of Human Nature?789 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm is a satirical allegory through which he presents his cynical view of human nature. He uses the animal fable effectively to expose the issues of injustice, exploitation and inequality in human society. Orwell uses the allegory, Animal Farm, to present the story of The Russian Revolution and essentially express his opinions on the matter. By plainly exposing the unjust and corrupt system that is communism, Orwell is ultimately presenting his pessimistic view of humanRead More Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes This study aims to determine that George Orwells Animal Farm is a political satire which was written to criticise totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalins practices in Russia. In order to provide background information that would reveal causes led Orwell to write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary of the progress of authors life and significant events that had impact on his political convictions. ChapterRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1460 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm A quote from Wayne Dyer, a late American author and motivational speaker, says that â€Å"[f]reedom means you are unobstructed in living your life as you choose. Anything less is a form of slavery.† This promotes the idea that ultimate freedom to control one’s life is the only way to live. One way to achieve this freedom, if not given, is to stage a revolution against authority. In Animal Farm, a novel by George Orwell, parallels are drawn between his characters and theRead MoreCritical Review of Animal Farm2575 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Animal Farm† Bibliography: Orwell, George. â€Å"Animal Farm.† New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1989 Introduction and Summary: Animal farm is an animal fable with a deliberate purpose. It is very realistic about society and its politics.  There are a number of conflicts in Animal Farm: the animals versus Mr. Jones, Snowball versus Napoleon, the common animals versus the pigs, Animal Farm versus the neighbouring humans, but all of them are expressions of the underlying tension between the oppressorsRead MoreComparision of The Chrysalids and Animal Farm Essay2185 Words   |  9 Pagestastes of modern day society, books and novels have different types and genres, all having in common the objective to please the reader and to convey morals and themes to the audience. In the 20th century were written 2 novels, The Chrysalids and Animal Farm, which will be compared and contrasted in the following essay, demonstrating the fact that they both target the general audience and not one particular group of readers. The comparison between both novels will be done via the contrast of specificRead MoreThe Storu- Animal F arm2755 Words   |  11 PagesThe story of Animal Farm is a political allegory of the situation of the communist Soviet Union. The author of the story George Orwell attempts to describe the events of the communist Russia and the bloody Revolutions through the characters of the Animal Farm. The novel introduces the story of a an animal farm which is being used to destroy the living of the animals by competing for the power in the governance of the farm which leaves the farm shattered in the end. It also depicts that how democraciesRead MoreA Marxist Critical Approach to Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Essay example1597 Words   |  7 Pagesconsciousness of men that determines their existence but their social existence that determines their consciousness†. By stating this, Marx sheds light into the workings of ‘The Great Gatsby’ thus showing that the social circumstances in which the characters find themselves define them, and that these circumstances consis t of core Marxist principles a Capitalistic society. These principles being ‘commodity fetishism’ and ‘reification’ are useful aids in interpreting and understanding the core themesRead MoreTo What Extent Does a Marxist Reading of Lord of the Flies Lead to a Fuller Understanding of the Novel?1888 Words   |  8 Pagesaway from reason toward savagery. However, it could be argued that there is a hidden, implicit meaning behind the novel, one which Marxist theory could help us understand. The ‘treasure chest’ theory states that no one can know a book and its characters better than the author him/herself. This is because the reader arguably cannot take out of the ‘chest’ more than the author originally put in. This is a view, however, that even William Golding himself had come to reject eventually, stating that

Corprate strategy Free Essays

We will soon enter a phase of strong competition in fixed services and we expect similar benefits to flow as result,† said Mohammad AY Change, Director General of the TRAP. Matthew Reed, an analyst at Informal Telecoms and Media, welcomed the decision. â€Å"It means that we finally have competition in the fixed broadband market in the I-JAW for the first time,† he said. We will write a custom essay sample on Corprate strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now But he believes that prices are unlikely to fall for consumers in the short term. â€Å"l think they will avoid a price war. They will probably try to compete on packages, higher internet speeds at the same price,† he said. â€Å"As a consumer, overall you should have more competition, which means there will be better opportunities available. † Meanwhile, the leaders of both distillates and du welcomed the move. â€Å"Distillates has always believed that competition is a win-win situation for all as it energies operators to excel and stimulates telecommunications advancement in the country†¦ We are fully prepared for a more competitive landscape in the AJAX,† Eased AY Hamlin, CEO of distillates, said. Ottoman Sultan, CEO of du, added: â€Å"We are equally pleased about the opportunity to provide consumers and businesses across the AAU a choice in their selection of a fixed line services provider. † – Gulf News y Facts Mission Statement: Our guiding mission is to deliver superior quality products and services for our customers and communities through leadership, innovation and partnerships. Our Vision: Our vision is to be the quality leader in everything we do. History: The TLD Group Corp†¦ Is the licensing company for Tim Horton franchises presently operating in Canada and the United States. The Tim Horton chain of restaurants began in 1964. Ron Joyce was originally the franchisee of Store #1, located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. By 1967, he and Tim Horton became full partners in the many and after Time’s tragic death in a car accident in February of 1974, Ron Joyce became the sole owner. Distribution: Five warehouse distribution centers, located in Gullah, Ontario; Calgary, Alberta; Debit (Tour), Nova Scotia; Kingston, Ontario; and Lauderdale (Langley), British Columbia presently service the Tim Horton stores across Canada and the U. S. A fleet of decorated trucks deliver food and supplies from our distribution centers to the stores. How to cite Corprate strategy, Papers

The Social Determinants of Emergent Diseases

Questions: 1. Why is this disease described as being emergent? Is it a new disease (when discovered?) or has it re-emerged? What are the possible reasons for why this might have happened? 2. Which populations of people are most at risk from this disease? 3. Describe the main practices and/or social determinants that increase the disease risk of this population? 4. Critically discuss how the media articles address or frame the social determinants of this disease. 5. What has been the global response to the disease? What appears to motivate this response? Answers: 1. Zika Virus disease is a type of disease caused by the Aedes mosquitoes by transmission of the virus. This is an emergent disease as there has been a recent outbreak of the disease in Brazil and French Polynesia in the years 2015 and 2013 respectively. This disease has re-emerged as it was identified for the first time in 1947 in Uganda in the rhesus monkeys by monitoring a yellow fever network. There was a subsequent re-identification of the virus in the year 1952 in the humans in Tanzania and Uganda. This might have happened due to the autoimmune and neurological complications that were observed in Brazil through fetal malformations and Guillain-Barre syndrome (World Health Organization, 2016). 2. The population residing in the areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands and Brazil are the most affected by Zika virus transmission. This virus is affecting the population of many territories and countries as outbreaks are occurring (Musso, Nilles and Cao Lormeau 2014). The Zika virus infection commonly occurs among the population dwelling in the tropical areas that have large and open water bodies, no proper protection from mosquito bites, unhygienic residential areas and lower status of public health. Poverty and lack of proper knowledge is prime cause of its widespread. 3. The spread of Zika virus is mostly observed in the countries of Uganda and Brazil, which are mostly hit by poverty. The main practices and social determinants do not provide them with protection against the mosquitoes. Therefore, the Aedes mosquitoes that are mostly responsible for the disease attacks the pregnant woman residing in these places throughout the day and increases the risk of disease in these populations. These populations mostly reside on the plains and the low land levels. Aedes mosquitoes do not go above an altitude of 2,000 metres. Therefore, the mosquitoes affect these low land dwellers and make them susceptible to the disease (Barreto et al. 2016) (Bowater, 2016 Appendix 3). Zika virus also gets transmitted sexually and contaminated blood. Due to inappropriate development of these underdeveloped countries, proper measures of protection in unavailable. This also increases the risk of transmission of the disease, as the population is not aware of the potential risk factors of the disease. Social determinants of health have to effective in those regions to prevent the occurrence of the disease (Perkins et al. 2016) (Victoriaadvocate.com 2016 Appendix 5). 4. Media articles have been very much active about framing the social determinants of this disease. According to a media article published by WHO, a detailed report was presented regarding the spread of infection by Aedes mosquitoes and other methods of transmission of the disease like sexual, perinatal and blood transfusion was discussed. These transfusion methods are largely influenced by the social determinants and the possible prevention methods have been presented. An article published by BBC described Zika virus as pandemic progress and has advised the women in the affected population to postpone the program of getting pregnant. Since there is no specific treatment available for Zika virus prevention, therefore the patients have been advised to drink enough fluids and take proper rest (Petersen et al. 2016) (BBC News 2016 Appendix 2). ABC news network has suggested that a species of Aedes mosquito named Aedes aegypti is found in Australia that can progressively cause dengue fever in the areas of North Queensland. The climate of north Queensland is topical that has a resemblance to the areas where Zika virus is dominant. Therefore, chances of the arrival of the disease exist in that region via different methods (Focosi, Maggi and Pistello 2016) (ABC News 2016 Appendix 1). 5. There has been an immense response to the Zika virus globally. There has been a joint operations plan and strategic response framework initiated by WHO as a response plan to this global emergency. Red Cross Society also launched a global appeal in response to the global threat of Zika virus. CDC Foundation also contributed towards the outbreak of Zika virus as it activated response funds to mitigate this global disease (Marrs et al. 2016) (CDC Foundation 2016 Appendix 4). The motivation for this response is the major outbreak of the disease that affected millions of people. The contagious nature of the disease has been another reason to declare it as a global emergency. The close association of Zika virus with microcephaly has made it a reason of great concern, especially for the pregnant women. The widespread of this disease is difficult to control and therefore, great care has been taken by the countries not affected by the disease to prevent the infection. References Barreto, M.L., Barral-Netto, M., Stabeli, R., Almeida-Filho, N., Vasconcelos, P.F., Teixeira, M., Buss, P. and Gadelha, P.E., 2016. Zika virus and microcephaly in Brazil: a scientific agenda.The Lancet,387(10022), pp.919-921. Focosi, D., Maggi, F. and Pistello, M., 2016. Zika Virus: Implications for Public Health.Clinical Infectious Diseases, p.ciw210. Marrs, C., Olson, G., Saade, G., Hankins, G., Wen, T., Patel, J. and Weaver, S., 2016. Zika virus and pregnancy: a review of the literature and clinical considerations.American journal of perinatology. Musso, D., Nilles, E.J. and Cao Lormeau, V.M., 2014. Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,20(10), pp.O595-O596. Perkins, A., Siraj, A., Ruktanonchai, C.W., Kraemer, M. and Tatem, A., 2016. Model-based projections of Zika virus infections in childbearing women in the Americas.bioRxiv, p.039610. Petersen, L.R., Jamieson, D.J., Powers, A.M. and Honein, M.A., 2016. Zika virus.New England Journal of Medicine,374(16), pp.1552-1563.

Nuclear Power Effects

Introduction Virtually everything require some form of power for its running. For instance, the human body is able to operate on a continuous basis owing to the energy deposited inform of food.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Nuclear Power and Its Effects on Economy, Environment and Safety specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This power must be made available if a continuous operation is needed. This is no more than an illustration of a machine operating like the human body. Since time immemorial, machines have in use, all of which rely on power. This power comes in a variety of forms and qualities. It can be in form of solar, wind, biomass, hydro-electric, geothermal, natural, or else nuclear, among others. Of all these, the nuclear power is the latest, realized in the dawn of the 20th century following the discovery some crucial radioactive elements and reactions like uranium and nuclear fission respectively, bot h of which constitute the nuclear energy. It is preferred to the rest owing to its positive impact, not only on the environment and safety, but also on the economy of a country and the globe at large. Nuclear power is pollution-free and hence bringing no harm to the environment. It is also the backbone of economy and security following the establishment of nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons in that order. This overview checks into details this power in the aforementioned perspectives; Economy, Environment, and safety. Nuclear Power and Economy Nuclear power owes a lot to the economy of any country. The highest percentage of money is allocated to the oil energy expenses of virtually all countries around the globe. These expenses begin right from its importation, through its processing to its storage. This follows from the fact that all require energy but not all have a direct access to its source. Therefore, to ensure the availability of this crucial requirement, the countries have to continuously allocate a good chunk of money for this, which on the other hand affects the countries’ economy negatively creating an economical problem. The entry of nuclear power is no more than a solution of this. Its influence to the economy is amazing. â€Å"An economic impact study is forecasting a $550 million boost in Haldimand and Norfolk County economies during construction of a nuclear power plant in the Lake Erie Industrial Park. After nine years of this impact, operation of two reactors can bring in up to $180 million every year (Karen Para 1).Advertising Looking for article on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to this article, it stands out that nuclear power and economy are positively correlated and the implementation of nuclear power plants, though expensive, can help bring a long-term solution to the troubled global economy. â€Å"Proponents of nuclear power state that nuclear energy is the only power source which explicitly factors the estimated costs for waste containment and plant decommissioning into its overall cost, and that the quoted cost of fossil fuel plants is deceptively low for this reason† (Steve 15). This shows that the presence of nuclear power energy helps lessen the cost of other energy sources which on the other hand backs up the financial system of the countries. This follows from the cheap operating cost of the nuclear power as well as its reduced transporting expenses. Owing to the many folds of nuclear energy that result from a nuclear reactions in relation to other forms of energy, it is evident that this power alone can satisfy a country economically since it will always be available at reduced costs and will be utilized by all the machines that initially relied on the expensive fossil fuels. According to Kragh, nuclear power will of a paramount importance for countries like China and India owing to their swiftl y intensifying economy (286). These are the leading countries in energy consumption, and in order to maintain their growing economy, both opt to utilize nuclear power, giving it a credit on the expense of the rest. Currently, many countries have realized that this power is the only answer to their declining economies brought by their importation of energy like oil. They are now erecting nuclear plants to help curb this cost of importation which on the other hand will boost their economies. Nuclear power and Environment Before the establishment of any power plant, the issue of its effects to the environment is addressed first. This helps tell whether the power plant is worthy establishing or not. Almost all, but nuclear power, register the highest environmental pollution. For instance, fossil fuels emit some highly toxic gases like carbon monoxide, among others, which on the other hand endangers the lives of any environ. â€Å"Nuclear power has been presented as providing net enviro nmental benefits.   Specifically, nuclear power makes no contribution to global warming through the emission of carbon dioxide.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Nuclear Power and Its Effects on Economy, Environment and Safety specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nuclear power also produces no notable sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, or particulates† (Moen Para 1). The aforementioned gases lead in the subject of environmental degradation. Nuclear power on the other hand, has been preferred because it emits none of these poisonous gases and hence environment friendly. There is no flaming in a nuclear reaction neither does oxidation result as it happens in fossil powers. Instead, the emitted heat is in form of nuclear fission which stores the utilized materials within the reactor, other releasing it in form of wastes to the environment. â€Å"†¦the risks of storing waste are small and can be further reduc ed by using the latest technology in newer reactors, and the operational safety record in the Western world is excellent when compared to the other major kinds of power plants†(Bernard 27). This is in favor of nuclear power in relation to the amount of wastes produced. In addition, nuclear wastes appear in solid form and is controlled by skilled people, who do not just dispose it anyhow. It goes through recycling and finally properly disposed. A solid waste is less risky to the environment compared to a liquid one. For instance, a liquid waste will attract all sorts of organisms like mosquitoes and worms, subjecting the environs to the risk of disease attacks like cholera. Moreover, nuclear power does not produce green house gases which to a significant extend affect the environment. This then renders nuclear power environment friendly unlike all other power forms. Nuclear power and safety A lot of people have set out to argue against the issue of nuclear weapons while at the same time support the existence of nuclear power in relation to electricity. â€Å"Since World War II there have been several instances where countries have pieced together nuclear weapons from the fuel from peaceful research reactors†(Baxton 6). According to this report, it stands out that nuclear power and nuclear weapons are highly connected and are made use by countries for their security purposes, following incidences like the World War I and II. The presence of nuclear power cannot exclude the existence of these weapons. As pointed out by Dr. Amory Lovins, â€Å"Every known route to bombs involves either nuclear power or materials and technology which are available, which exist in commerce, as a direct and essential consequence of nuclear power† (Para 2). Therefore, the availability of nuclear power has also impacted the safety sector in the sense that, those who are able to produce the weapons are viewed as safe, though a threat to those who do not produce.Adver tising Looking for article on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Amory, Lovins. â€Å"Energy/War: Breaking the Nuclear Link† West Virginia, W, VA, 1981. Baxton, Weil. â€Å"1952 Annual Report† Chicago: Commonwealth Edison Company, 1952. Bernard Cohen. â€Å"The Nuclear Energy Option†.  Web. Karen, Best. Nuclear power plant could boost economy: Dunnville Chronicle: October 17, 2007 Kragh, Helge. â€Å"Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century† Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999, p.  286. Steve, Thomas. â€Å"The Economics of Nuclear Power: analysis of recent studies† PSIRU,  University of Greenwich: UK, 2005. This article on Nuclear Power and Its Effects on Economy, Environment and Safety was written and submitted by user Nathaniel D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Jungle †Analysis and Book Review

The Jungle – Analysis and Book Review Free Online Research Papers The Jungle Analysis: I feel extremely fortunate that as a whole, working families today do not experience as many tragedies as the characters in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle experienced during the beginning of the 20th century. While reading The Jungle I learned that the rights and welfare of the average American working man and woman have dramatically increased over the past hundred years. Although some of the same social, economic, and political problems still occur in our society, the problems are far less prevalent than they were during the time Sinclair wrote The Jungle. The novel follows the lives a large Lithuanian family during the early 1900s that immigrates to the United States in the pursuit of freedom and happiness. The family of eleven took what little money they had with them to the United States with the hope of escaping poverty and providing a better life for their children. After a long, arduous journey across the Atlantic Ocean, the family arrived in New York and was swindled out most of their savings by police who were supposed to protect them. The family continued to travel to Chicago (Packingtown), where they finally settled down. Upon arrival in Packingtown, the family found that the cost of living in the United States was far more expensive than in Lithuania. To further add to the family’s dismay, they learned that the only employment available to Cote Page 2 non-English speaking, uneducated, and hardworking immigrants like themselves in Packingtown was scarce, unstable, arduous, and dangerous. Packingtown was designed to mak e families dependent on working in factories. When an employee in a factory hurt themselves or was fell ill, they would quickly be tossed aside and filled with a fresh worker. Employers in Packingtown demanded 16 hour workdays from their employees and rewarded them with meat infected with tuberculosis, low wages, and fatigue. Large businesses were able to commit such atrocities because they paid off politicians, police, and union leaders. Another reason employers were able to treat their employees so badly was because unemployment was so high. There was a constant supply of working men and women to fill any persons job who may quit out of protest. Politicians had no desire to address the needs of their constituents and only had their own special interests in mind. Both the Democrat and Republican Parties bought votes and manipulated countless elections. The Democrat party was among the biggest offenders and was also the largest party in Packingtown. Men who held political office weren’t fresh young men who were elected every couple of years, they were the same, elder incumbents who had held office for 30 years or more. Although these incumbents had experience, they were often jaded and usually looked out for their interests first, large business interests second, and the working peoples interests last. One of the most tragic concepts I found in Sinclair’s novel was the class system. At the present we have the privilege to strive for a better life and attempt to better ourselves economically through education. During the early 1900’s, most of the people were born and Cote Page 3 died in the same class. The gap between the rich and the poor was extremely large and there was hardly any middle class citizens. Many of the immigrant families who flocked to the United States during the time actually left better circumstances in their home countries to work in places like Packingtown which killed men by overworking them. I found it extremely saddening to read about how the large Lithuanian family arrived in the United States with dignity, integrity, and determination only to loose it all to Packingtown. One of the main reasons why I feel the main character of the novel, Jurgis, embraced the Communist Party with such passion as he did was because he had experienced every social ill which the United States had offered at the time. His wife was forced into prostitution, his child died from neglect, many of his loved ones died from overwork and starvation, and countless friends and other family members continued to live the rest of their lives working in the slaughterhouses of Packingtown. The Communist Party was so popular at the time because citizens found that the Republican and Democrat parties weren’t doing enough for them. The Communist Party was built on the platform of helping the working men and women of the United States. Voters responded overwhelmingly in favor of Communism because they were tired of being mistreated by big businesses through the country. Although Communism was never a major political force in the United States for an extended period of time, I believe it sent a message to the major parties to reform or be thrown out by a non-corrupted party. Upon completion of The Jungle I found it extremely amazing how quickly technology and legislation has proved safer, cleaner, and less strenuous work environments in less then a Cote Page 4 hundred years. I credit the change of work conditions and environments to not only the politicians and inventors in this country, but to the working men and women who killed themselves trying to provide a better life for their families. Research Papers on The Jungle - Analysis and Book Review19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

There's No Place Like Home - on Moon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

There's No Place Like Home - on Moon - Essay Example Unlike Cold War era, there is no maritime competition pushing superpowers ahead for such plans. So why is this increased interest in lunar exploration and lunar real estate The ever-increasing technical prowess and latest discovery of water ice in Polar Regions has fuelled interest of all. In this paper we explore the current trends of all such activity analyzing the feasibility of any moon habitat. Our aim is to give a realistic overview of advantages - disadvantages of such a project. Apollo program proved that manned mission to moon is very much feasible but the rock and dirt samples brought back were extremely low in lighter elements required for supporting life. This dampened enthusiasm for any lunar base project. However, in recent times, advocates such as National Space Society and the Moon Society cite the possibility of clean fusion power from Helium 3 fuel mined on the moon as a potential economic justification for a lunar base. Mining helium-3, a potential rich source of energy (could be used in futuristic fusion reactors on Earth that would generate electricity without producing nuclear waste) and harnessing it back to Earth would be a key priority in the moon exploration program. Such fusion technology could also power rockets for deep space travel in the future. This is how Peter Kokh in his Moon Society Paper gives justification for Human Presence on the moon:4 The Moon's far side also called the dark side of moon may be an ideal site for future radio astronomy as it is permanently shielded from the noisy Earth. Because moon is isolated from the Earth, it can be an ideal place for biologically hazardous experiments. In the vacuum like no atmosphere and no gravity condition of moon, some unique chemical and biological products such as life saving drugs may be producible. Scientists are optimistic about advances in other technologies such as nano-robotics in such environment. For future space exploration, the Moon can serve as a launching pad. The reason is that the escape velocity from moon is far less and cost of transportation of materials from Moon will be far cheaper when compared to any such mission from Earth. Kokh also highlights the importance of the involvement of private enterprise in such efforts. 3. Constraints involved in Lunar base programs For any life support system targeting Habitats for human exploration and presence on the Moon will require vastly expanded habitat research and design validation efforts.5 We have too many constraints for any such project. Availability of oxygen: Moon has no atmosphere and hence there is no question of oxygen present in atmosphere. However, there is a possibility to extract oxygen from the Ilmenite ore present on the moon. Scientists also propose an

Processing the Crime Scene and Establishing Identity Essay - 3

Processing the Crime Scene and Establishing Identity - Essay Example However, when using this method the investigator must be careful not to overdevelop the finger prints. 2. There are many types of evidence in crime investigation that should be documented, collected and preserve. The impressions such as finger prints and forensic biology such blood, and body fluid must also be collected. The trace evidences and firearms evidences which include gun powder patterns are needed. Lastly, the question documents must be kept safe. When documenting, collecting and preserving evidence of the crime scene we must make sure that we follow local, state and federal laws for collection and admissibility. The evidences such as drugs, paraphernalia or personal property shall be recorded, collected, and safeguarded in presence of a witness. The investigator shall also participate in the scene debriefing to make sure that responsibilities are well communicated especially those that are post-scene. There should also be markings of the detectives because this will be used in trial and this is the way to prevent any contamination of the evidences and assure that the evidences presented are

As per the details Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

As per the details - Coursework Example Today, rapid diffusion of social media use is ushering in new possibilities for organizations to communicate with and engage the general public. The ability for any organization such as Brunel Business School no matter how small – to adopt cutting-edge social media application presents substantial openings for a more level playing field. Thus, it potentially ‘changes the game’ about the kinds of resources and capacities the school requires and the strategies they might adopt in order to capitalize efficaciously on their social media presence (Peacock, 2011 p., 71).The growing popularity of social media is making its mark on many organizations as well as a general public. With more than 500 million individuals using Facebook, for instance, organizations have realized that it is necessary to be next to those they serve (Ryan, 2011 p., 153). The potential benefits of social media for schools like are several: in addition to customer contact, social media can be used Brunel Business School for facilitating students and parents as they are aiming to make the correct choice and at the same time provide knowledge work within the organization. In spite of the possibilities social media offers for the school, many times the school also associated problems and challenges with its adoption. These challenges in reality may arise from social media being more than just another information system implemented and a new tool or by the organization. Social media come with it a new way of reasoning about schools management. As a result, the school adopting social media has to surrender some of the absolute control they earlier had over their web presence. In some schools such as Brunel Business School, this kind of alteration from a closed to an open setting marks a significant step and change in the school culture. Brunel Business School often faces challenges with the adoption and use of information systems,

Number Of Tourist Arrivals To Singapore Tourism Essay

Number Of Tourist Arrivals To Singapore Tourism Essay This report was commissioned to examine why the number of tourist arrivals to Singapore has dropped over 2009 and the recommend ways of increasing the number of tourist arrivals to Singapore. Tourism is the worlds largest industry. Tourism provides governments with the substantial tax revenues as well as offers the greatest global employment prospects. Based on the Media Release from Singapore Tourism Board (STB) on 23 April 2009 and 27 October 2009, the number of tourist arrivals to Singapore has declined compared to 2008. The overall of gazetted hotel industry performance also drop compared to a year ago. The reduction of the total number of tourist arrivals to Singapore was caused by swine influenza or pig flu which attack Singapore in 2009. Another reason for the decline in number of tourist arrivals to Singapore was the global economy crisis which affected all sectors around the world. The report finds that STB can do more to attract more tourists to come and spend in Singapore. Recommendations discussed include: engage with tour operators and travel agencies in overseas practice the revenue management system in hotels promote Singapore by publishing advertisements in overseas 2. Problem Identification and Analysis According to the statistics on April 2009, from Media Release by Singapore Tourism Board (STB), the overall number of visitor arrivals to Singapore has dropped to 790,000 in March 2009, which were about 13.2% compared to the same month in 2008. The overall gazetted hotel industry performance also drop compared to 2008. The Average Room Rate (AOR) decreased by 13.1% with total 74% for March 2009. The Average Room Rate (ARR) for March 2009 was estimated at S$196, which was 18.5% decrease compared to a year ago. Revenue Per Available Room (RevPar) was reached S$145, posting a 30.9% decrease against March 2008. Hotel room revenue was expected to reach S$125 million, representing a 33.3 percentage point decrease in March 2009. Swine influenza or also called by pig flu is one of the reason which affect the reduction of total number of tourist arrivals to Singapore. As of 21 June 2009, based on Ministry of Health website, there were 142 reported human cases of swine flu in Singapore (SMF, 2009). Another key influence can be caused by the financial crisis in 2007. The global economy crisis has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, downturns in stock markets, and bailout of banks by national governments around the world. Refers to the statistics from October 2009, the visitor arrivals to Singapore registered an increase number to 799,000 or about 7.1% in September 2009. Indonesia, Peoples Republic of China, Australia, Malaysia, and India were the top five visitor-generating markets in Singapore for year 2009. The increase of total number of visitor arrivals to Singapore can be due to Formula 1 (F1) Singapore Grand Prix which was held from 25 September to 27 September 2009. F1 had attracted a lot of visitors to come to Singapore to watch and enjoy the race. The other factor that influence the total number of visitor arrivals to Singapore is the public holidays, e.g., Hari Raya holidays and Japans five days Silver Week. 3. Statement of Key problem and Issues Based on the Media Release from STB, currently there are four types of hotel tier in Singapore. The hotel tier system is used to categorise the different hotels in Singapore by STB into tiers based on a combination of factors that include location, average room rates, and product characteristics (STB, 2006). The four types of hotel tiers are economy, mid -tier, upscale, and luxury. Economy tier includes hotels in the budget segment and are generally located in outlying areas (STB, 2006). In March 2009, hotels in economy tier achieved the smallest decrease in ARR and RevPar compared to March 2008. Mid tier includes hotels which are primarily located in prime commercial zones or immediately outlying areas (STB, 2006). Hotels in mid tier recorded the highest and the least decline AOR compared to other three tiers in March 2009. The most decline AOR in March 2009 was achieved by economy tier hotels. Based on the statistics in September 2009, the AOR of all tiers increased compared to the same month last year. It was represent the growth of the total number of tourist arrivals to Singapore. Upscale tier includes hotels in the upscale segment and are generally in prime locations or hotels with boutique positioning in prime or distinctive locations (STB, 2006). Hotels in upscale tier achieved the smallest decline in RevPar and ARR in September 2009 compared to a year ago. Hotels in upscale tier also recorded the largest growth of more than 5% compared to other tiers in September 2009. This indicates that hotels in upscale tier are not having a significant impact compared to hotels in economy-tier, mid-tier, and luxury-tier. 4. Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Solutions STB can engage the tour operators and travel agencies in overseas which cooperate with Singapore to promote the Singapores tourism sector to their countries. The tour operators and travel agencies may promote Singapore by organizing either free and easy or tour packages to Singapore as the destination to spend their holidays with couple and family. Hotels also may practice the revenue management system in their hotels. Revenue management system is used in a hotel to calculate the room rates in order to maximize the revenue as well as the profit. Rooms in a hotel are the perishable products and any rooms which unsold in a night are calculated as a loss. With the revenue management system, hotels can calculate their rates to be offered to their guests. STB also can promote Singapore by publishing advertisements in the foreign countries, e.g., South Korea, Taiwan, United Kingdom, and many others. The advertisements can be used to promote the major events in Singapore in order to attract more tourists to come and visit Singapore. 5. Implementation of Recommendations STB was announced BOOST (Building On Opportunities to Strengthen Tourism) in 2009. STB provided S$90 million to help the tourism sector ride through the challenging times. The aims of BOOST are to boost the demand of tourists to travel to Singapore, the governments funding support to the tourism sector, as well as the future of the tourism sector (STB, 2006). Tourism industry will bring the multiplier effect when the money are being spend by the tourist to travel, to stay in a hotel, and to eat in a restaurant. The money is recycled by the travel agency, hotel, as well as restaurant to purchase more goods and even to hire more people. Employees of the businesses which are the local community also will spend a higher proportion of their money locally on various goods and services. In the tourism industry, each tourism segment also need to acknowledge the interdependency between the various segments of tourism, for example: lodging, travel, food service, and attraction or recreation place. With the interdependency, those businesses can create more profits by attract more tourists to come to Singapore and spend more in Singapore. For example: travel agency in Singapore can coordinate with hotel, restaurant, as well as the attraction place to provide tourists who come to Singapore by a tour package. Travel agency can create a package with a combination of air ticket, accommodation, dining, and city tour. 6. Current and Future Trends of Singapore Tourism Integrated Resort Resort World Sentosa and Marina Bay Sands are the two integrated resorts in Singapore which had opened in 2010. Resort World Sentosa was developed by Genting Singapore while Marina Bay Sands was developed by Las Vegas Sands. The completion of Resort World Sentosa and Marina Bay Sands are expected to boost the tourism sector in Singapore. Formula One (F1) Singapore Grand Prix Formula One (F1) Singapore Grand Prix is the major event in Singapore which started in 2008. The first race was held at the new Marina Bay Street Circuit and it was the first night-time event in F1 history (Wikipedia, 2010). Singapore Tourism Board (STB) was signed a five year deal with Singapore GP Pte Ltd. and Bernie Ecclestone in order to boost the tourism sector in Singapore by attract fans of F1 and foreign tourists to come to Singapore as well as enjoy the Singapores lifestyle. Great Singapore Sale (GSS) Great Singapore Sale (GSS) is an annual shopping event which organised by Singapore Retailers Association, under support from STB and Spring Singapore, in order to promote the tourism sector in Singapore. GSS is conducted in the end of May to the end of July every year in Singapore. During GSS, there are many special privileges that malls, stores, and retail companies offer to tourists, for example: late midnight shop, gourmet dining, wellness, and nightlife experience (Wikipedia, 2010). Gardens by the Bay The Gardens by the Bay is the combination of three major parks around the Marina Bay and it is expected to be complete by the end of year 2011. The three parks will be at Marina Centre, Marina South, and Marina East. Gardens by the Bay will be serving as the second Singapore botanical garden which allocate of 94 hectares of prime waterfront land for park space (Wikipedia, 2010). The expectation for the development of Gardens by the Bay is to attract more tourists to come to Singapore.

How Tiger Woods Affects the Game of Golf Essay -- essays research pape

How Tiger Woods Affects the Game of Golf Like Muhammad Ali is to boxing and Michael Jordan is to basketball, Tiger Woods is considered by many to be the greatest golfer of all time. Due to his incredible playing on the course, his young age, and the endorsement deals he signed with major advertising companies, Tiger Woods’ fans place him on the â€Å"best of the best† list in professional sports. Society places an enormous amount of responsibilities on its champions or favorites. â€Å" Sure, he is good on the course, but how well does he support society? What does he stand for†, the public says. There is more to Tiger Woods than a good golf swing or how well he can say â€Å" Buy these shoes† in front of the advertisers’ cameras. Even though Tiger would never say it, his influence over the game of golf and society as a whole far outreaches the twenty-six years he spent on the planet so far. Tiger Woods started playing golf in his garage, with a cut off club, when he was eleven months old. Now, twenty-six years later, he glides through the toughest, most widely respected golf courses in the world as if he was born to win. Golf course owners and managers change the distance from the tee-boxes to the hole in order to make the course more difficult for Tiger. He makes most courses look easy to play well on, despite the actual level of difficulty. He is the youngest player to win the Masters Tournament in the history of golf. Tiger makes over one million per tournament in which he places in t...

Preeclampsia Case Study

At 0600 Jennie is brought to the Labor and Delivery triage area by her sister. The client complains of a pounding headache for the last 12 hours unrelieved by acetaminophen (Tylenol), swollen hands and face for 2 days, and epigastric pain described as bad heartburn. Her sister tells the nurse, â€Å"I felt like that when I had toxemia during my pregnancy. † Admission assessment by the nurse reveals: today's weight 182 pounds, T 99. 1 ° F, P 76, R 22, BP 138/88, 4+ pitting edema, and 3+ protein in the urine. Heart rate is regular, and lung sounds are clear.Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) are 3+ biceps and triceps and 4+ patellar with 1 beat of ankle clonus. The nurse applies the external fetal monitor, which shows a baseline fetal heart rate of 130, absent variability, positive for accelerations, no decelerations, and no contractions. The nurse also performs a vaginal examination and finds that the cervix is 1 cm dilated and 50% effaced, with the fetal head at a -2 station. 1. In reviewing Jennie's history, the nurse is correct in concluding that Jennie is in jeopardy of developing a hypertensive disorder because of her age (15).Which other factors add to Jennie's risk of developing preeclampsia? A)  Molar pregnancy, history of preeclampsia in previous pregnancy. INCORRECT While all of these are risk factors for preeclampsia, Jennie has no indications of a molar pregnancy (first trimester vaginal bleeding, size/date discrepancy, or excessive nausea and vomiting), nor has she had any previous pregnancies (gravida 1). B)  Gravidity, familial history. CORRECT Jennie is under 17 years of age, is pregnant for the 1st time, and has a sister with a history of toxemia, which is an old term for preeclampsia that some clients may still use.C)  History of pounding headache, low socioeconomic status. INCORRECT While age and low socioeconomic status (SES) are risk factors, Jennie's SES is unknown. A pounding headache is a symptom, not a risk factor. D)  Low soci oeconomic status (SES), history of pedal edema. INCORRECT Although age and low SES are risk factors, this client's SES is unknown. Pedal edema is common in pregnancy after 32-weeks. 2. To accurately assess this client's condition, what information from the prenatal record is most important for the nurse to obtain? A)  Pattern and number of prenatal visits. INCORRECTIt is important to have early and consistent prenatal care, but this information will not help in the assessment of this client's condition. B)  Prenatal blood pressure readings. CORRECT The client's BP (138/88) is below the guideline that indicates mild preeclampsia. Blood pressure parameters for mild preeclampsia include a reading of 140/90 taken on two occasions 6 hours apart. However, Jennie's reading is significant if it is an increase of 30 mm systolic or 15 mm diastolic from her prenatal levels, particularly in combination with proteinuria and hyperuricemia (uric acid of 6 mg/dl or more).Blood pressure usually remains the same during the first trimester. Both systolic and diastolic then decrease gradually up to 20-weeks gestation. At 20 weeks of gestation, the blood pressure begins to gradually increase and return to 1st trimester levels at term. C)  Prepregnancy weight. INCORRECT The nurse should compare today's weight to Jennie's most recently obtained previous weight, not to the prepregnancy weight. A weight gain of ;2 pounds per week is indicative of mild preeclampsia. D)  Jennie's Rh factor. INCORRECTWhile the Rh factor of the mother is important in determining the need for prophylactic Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) at 28-weeks and after birth, it is not the most important information at this time. All Rh negative women with negative Coomb's tests are given RhoGam prophylactically at 28-weeks, and then evaluated immediately after birth to determine if another dose of RhoGam is needed. Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia There is no definitive cause of preeclampsia, but the pathophysiol ogy is distinct. The main pathogenic factor is poor perfusion as a result of arteriolar vasospasm.Function in organs such as the placenta, liver, brain, and kidneys can be depressed as much as 40 to 60%. As fluid shifts out of the intravascular compartment, a decrease in plasma volume and subsequent increase in hematocrit is seen. The edema of preeclampsia is generalized. Virtually all organ systems are affected by this disease, and the mother and fetus suffer increasing risk as the disease progresses. Preeclampsia develops after 20 weeks gestation in a previously normotensive woman. Elevated blood pressure is frequently the first sign of preeclampsia.The client also develops proteinuria. While no longer considered a diagnostic measurement of preeclampsia, generalized edema of the face, hands, and abdomen that is not responsive to 12 hours of bedrest is often present. Preeclampsia progresses along a continuum from mild to severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, or eclampsia. A client m ay present to the labor unit anywhere along that continuum. 3. What is the pathophysiology responsible for Jennie's complaint of a pounding headache and the elevated DTRs? A)  Cerebral edema. CORRECTAs fluid leaks into the extravascular spaces, organ edema as well as peripheral edema occurs. This, in conjunction with cortical brain spasms, causes headache, increased deep tendon reflexes, and clonus. B)  Increased perfusion to the brain. INCORRECT The hypovolemia that accompanies preeclampsia decreases perfusion to the major organs. C)  Severe anxiety. INCORRECT While Jennie may be very anxious, this is not the pathophysiology involved. D)  Retinal arteriolar spasms. INCORRECT These spasms are the cause of blurred vision and scotoma that often accompany worsening of the disease.Jennie's sister is very concerned about the swelling (edema) in her sister's face and hands because it seems to be worsening rapidly. She asks the nurse if the healthcare provider will prescribe some o f â€Å"those water pills† (diuretics) to help get rid of the excess fluid. 4. Which response by the nurse is correct? A)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"That is a very good idea. I will relay it to the healthcare provider when I call. † INCORRECT Although it is caring to offer to relay family concerns to the healthcare provider, the physician will make the decision on treatment.B)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I'm sorry, but it is not the family's place to make suggestions about medical treatment. † INCORRECT While it is not inappropiate for family members to make suggestions, this answer is not sensitive to the sister's desire to help Jennie. C)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Let me explain to you about the effect of diuretics on pregnancy. † CORRECT The sister may have seen diuretics used for treating fluid retention before (for example, in cardiac disease), but may not be aware of how diuretics affect pregnancy. Diuretics decrease blood flow to the placenta by decreasing blood volume.In the case of the preeclamptic client, this is particularly dangerous because the disease has already caused a volume deficit. In addition, the diuretics disrupt normal electrolyte balance and stress kidneys that are already compromised by preeclampsia. The only time they are used is if the preeclamptic client also has heart failure, but this client has no symptoms of heart failure. D)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Have you by any chance given your sister water pills that belong to someone else? † INCORRECT This could be construed as hostile and accusatory.If the nurse believes further assessment is warranted, the nurse should ask Jennie about any medication she has taken. Admission to the Labor and Delivery Unit At 0630 the nurse calls to report to the healthcare provider, who prescribes the following: admit to labor and delivery, bedrest with bathroom privileges (BRP), IV D5LR at 125 ml/hr, CBC with platelets, clotting studies, liver enzymes, chemistry panel, 24-hour urine collection for protein and uric acid, ice chips only by mouth, nonstress test, hourly vital signs, and DTRs. 5.While awaiting the lab results, which nursing intervention has the highest priority? A)  Teach Jennie the rationale for bedrest. INCORRECT While this is important, it does not have the highest priority. B)  Monitor Jennie for signs of dehydration. INCORRECT This is important because the client is restricted to ice chips only and may already be hypovolemic. However, it is not the highest priority. C)  Educate the client about dietary restrictions. INCORRECT Since Jennie is currently taking ice chips only, this is not the most important intervention at this time. D)  Observe Jennie for CNS changes.CORRECT Central Nervous System (CNS) changes such as severe headache, blurred vision, scotoma (spots before eyes), and photophobia indicate a worsening condition. 6. Which technique should the nurse use when evaluating Jennie's blood pressure while she is on bedrest? A)  Have Jennie lay supine and take the blood pressure on the left arm. INCORRECT The pregnant client should not lie in the supine position because it puts her at risk for vena cava compression and subsequent supine hypotensive syndrome. B)  Have Jennie lie in a lateral position and take the blood pressure on the dependent arm.CORRECT The lateral position supports placental perfusion. The lower (dependent) arm should be positioned so the client is not lying on it, and the blood pressure should be taken in that arm. This more closely approximates arterial pressure. Using the arm on the opposite (upper) side will falsely reduce the measurement. C)  Have the client sit in a chair at the bedside, and take the blood pressure with her left arm at waist level. INCORRECT While sitting is an appropriate position, the arm should be resting on a surface at heart level.In addition, Jennie is on bedrest with bathroom privileges, which does not include sitting up in a chair. D)  Have Jennie stand briefly and take the blood pressure on the right a rm. INCORRECT A standing blood pressure does not provide the most valid reading. In addition, Jennie is on bedrest with bathroom privileges, which does not include standing at the bedside. The nurse performs a nonstress test to evaluate fetal well-being. 7. When performing a nonstress test (NST), the nurse will be assessing for which parameters? A)  Accelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. CORRECTThe basis for the nonstress test is that the normal fetus with an intact CNS will respond to fetal movements by increasing its heart rate (episodic accelerations). A reactive test is one in which the fetus displays at least 2 accelerations of 15 beats per minute that last for 15 seconds in a 20-minute period in the presence of a normal baseline rate and moderate variability. B)  Late decelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. INCORRECT Late decelerations are a sign of uteroplacental insufficiency, and are assessed for in response to uterine contractions, not fetal movement.C)  Accelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions. INCORRECT Accelerations that occur with contractions (periodic accelerations) are usually linked to breech presentations, and are not the basis for the nonstress test. D)  Late decelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions. INCORRECT Late decelerations in response to uterine contractions are the basis for the contraction stress test. HELLP Syndrome At 0800, physical assessment and labs reveal the following: the client is still complaining of a headache but the epigastric pain has slightly decreased.While resting in a left lateral position, the vital signs are BP 146/94, P 75, R 18. Hyperreflexia continues with one beat of clonus. The baseline fetal heart rate is 140 with moderate variability and no decelerations. Since completion of a reactive nonstress test, no further accelerations have occurred. Lab results include: hemoglobin â⠂¬â€œ 13. 1 g/dl, hematocrit – 40. 5 g/dl, platelets – 120,000 mm3, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) – slightly elevated, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) – normal for pregnancy, 0 burr cells on slide, clotting studies normal for pregnancy.The healthcare provider diagnoses Jennie with preeclampsia rather than HELLP syndrome, a variant of severe preeclampsia. 8. If Jennie had HELLP syndrome, which lab results would the nurse expect her to exhibit? A)  Elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit (H&H) without burr cells, elevated liver enzymes, platelet count >150,000 mm3. INCORRECT Elevated H&H without burr cells and platelets >150,000 mm3  are not indicative of HELLP syndrome. B)  Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit (H&H) with burr cells, elevated liver enzymes, platelet count

Towards the Conceptualization of a Nonâ€Linear ISD Model

Towards the Conceptualization of a Non–Linear ISD Model Introduction Over the years, a multiplicity of instructional design models have been suggested, and many of these models have been incorporated into mainstream educational institutions for purposes of aiding instruction and directing the learning process. In their study on developing a multimedia package for teaching qualitative research, Colon et al (2000), noted that over 200 instructional design models have been proposed and indeed published in some of the widely read educational literature.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards the Conceptualization of a Non–Linear ISD Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many of the models, however, are oriented towards behaviorist and constructivist theories of learning, leading to accusations and counter-accusations by a number of leading scholars that the models impede the true nature and scope of learning not only due to their behaviorist point of referen ce, but also due to their signature top-down linear and sequential processes (Colon et al., 2000). In the light of the above and other accusations, this paper aims to demonstrate how a non-liner instructional systems design (ISD) model can be conceptualized for instruction. Why a Non-Linear ISD Model Existing literature demonstrates that employing an ISD model can be helpful to instructional designers in assisting them to systematically identify what is to be taught, establish the best teaching methodologies that can be used, and appraise the instruction to determine its effectiveness in fulfilling the tasks and objectives for which it is intended (Kanuka Anderson, 1999). The Instructional Systems Design Model developed in 1996 by Dick and Carey has indeed proved to be popular among instructional designers in providing a framework through which instruction is provided to learners. This particular model is solidly â€Å"†¦based on one form of systems theory, as well as behavio ral and information processing theories of learning† (Colon et al., 2000, para. 12). However, due to the convergence of technology, changes in the education system, and new and unique needs projected by learners, this and other linear models for instruction design continue to attract criticism from various quarters. According to Gayeski (1998), inadequacies and ineffectiveness exhibited by these models, especially in learning and performance improvement environments has called their practicability into question.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critics have also faulted the sequential, systematic, teacher-led, and top-down approach employed by linear ISD models largely due to the fact that they relegate learners to the role of passive participants, not mentioning the fact that most of these models do not provide room for innovation and active feedback (Colon et al, 2000). While it is critically important for educators to clearly identify the learning objectives and systematically sequence them from least complex to the most complex (Kanuka Anderson, 1999), the linear approach employed locks out many students from applying the knowledge learnt to solve contemporary practical solutions by virtue of the fact that learning objectives exist irrespective of the contributions made by the learner. The models are further criticized for assuming an overly behaviorist and constructivist orientation in instruction and ignoring other methodologies that can effectively be used to transfer knowledge (Mergel, 1998). There is, therefore, a compelling need to devise non-linear ISD models to ensure optimal transfer of practical knowledge from the educator to the student. Model Phases and Linkages The conceptualized ISD model heavily relies on R2D2 model developed in 1995 by Willis and Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction developed by David Merr ill (Colon et al., 2000; Merrill, 2002). The model has 6 phases, namely, problem identification, recursion, reflection, activation, participatory application, and integration. The problem-centered ISD model first identifies the problem and develops a set of objectives used to solve the problem. The set of objectives developed in this model are likely to change depending on the needs of individual learners, hence the need to create a link between the problem identification and the recursion and reflection phases (see appendix 1). According to Merrill (2002), â€Å"†¦learning is activated when learners are engaged in solving real-world problems† (p. 43). The recursion phase will aim to specifically allow instruction designers and learners to revisit any phase included in the model to make refinements, corrections, and revisions as deemed necessary. This will actively promote the learning process in addition to ensuring holistic integration of new knowledge by the learners. This phase is also linked to problem identification phase, reflection phase and integration phase.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards the Conceptualization of a Non–Linear ISD Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next phase – reflection – is intended to emphasize the need for the instruction designers to considerately inquire about feedback and other arising notions from other sources, including the learners’ own perceptions, worldviews and level of understanding (Cohen et al., 2000). Further on, activation phase will take cognizance of the fact that â€Å"learning is promoted when relevant previous experience is activated† (Merrill, 2002, p. 46). Many learners have had many previous experiences that may relate to the task at hand and, as such, relevant information should be activated by going back to the reflection phase to ensure this information is elicited for use as groundwork for learning new knowledge. The participatory application phase is where real learning takes place. This phase takes note of the fact that it is the learners who will utilize the knowledge transferred by educators, and they must therefore be active participants in the learning process (Cohen et al., 2002). As such, this phase will also be linked with other phases such as problem identification and reflection to guarantee the involvement of learners. In this phase, educators must develop frameworks aimed at ensuring that learning process is consistent with the identified methodologies of solving the problem, and that learners have the capacity to utilize the new knowledge in solving practical problems. The integration phase will focus on ensuring that learners have the capacity to integrate the knowledge transferred by the educators to solve their everyday problems (Merrill, 2002). This phase will also be linked with reflection and recursion phases to ensure all arising queries from the learners are adequately attended to (see appendix 1). Model Outputs The outputs for problem identification phase include the objectives and the methodologies that will be used to solve the underlying problem. The recursion phase will generate problem refinements, corrections, and revisions as may be deemed necessary. The reflection phase will generate feedback from instructors and students, and learners’ perceptions and worldviews concerning the problem at hand.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The activation phase will aim to come up with quantifiable measures that can be used to evaluate the capacity of learners to grasp and relate to the problem at hand, while the participatory application phase will generate the actual results of the learning process, including how the learner has understood the problem and if there is need to make clarifications. The outputs arising from the integration phase include the practical demonstration by learners on how they can use the knowledge learnt to solve real-life problems, and the capacity by learners to link the knowledge learnt to other life experiences. Structure of Model The model utilizes a non-linear structure to avoid the many problems associated with linear ISD models. This particular model realizes that different problems may call for diverse starting points, and new objectives may indeed emerge over the design process (Cohen et al., 2002). As such, it is important to create mechanisms for adequately address arising issues that are largely ignored in linear models. Conclusion The need to conceptualize and develop a non-linear ISD model is very much informed by the urge to come up with practical solutions to the many challenges facing instruction especially in contemporary times. Learners need to be assisted to solve practical solutions using an instruction strategy that is responsive to their needs, and that realizes their participation is important for effective learning to take place. In addition, the complex nature of modern problems and instruction have rendered most linear ISD models ineffective due to entrenched limitations in scope and practicability in offering an instruction methodology that can assist learners to relate what has been learned to real-life experiences (Merrill, 2002). The conceptualized non-linear ISD model will not only ensure that learners can use new knowledge to solve practical issues, but it will avail platforms for recursion and participatory application. Appendix 1: An Illustration of Non-Linear ISD Model References Colon, B., Taylor, K.N., Willis, J. (2000). Constructivist instructional design: Creating a multimedia package for teaching critical research. The Qualitative Research, 5(1-2). Web. Gayeski, D.M. (1998). Out-of-the box instructional design: Moving from assembly-line models to non-linear performance models. Web. Kanuka, H., Anderson, T. (1999). Using constructivism in Technology-Mediated Learning: Constructing the Order out of the Chaos in the Literature. Web. Mergel, B. (1998). Instructional Design Learning Theory. Web. Merrill, M.D. (2002). First principles of Instruction. ETRD, 50(3), 43-59. Web.

Definition and Examples of Clang Association

Definition and Examples of Clang Association Clang association is word choice determined not by logic or meaning but by a words similarity in sound to another word. Also known as an association by sound  or  clanging. Clang association sometimes influences semantic change. For example, originally the noun fruition meant enjoyment, pleasure before its association with fruit developed the sense fulfillment, realization (John Algeo in The Cambridge History of the English Language: 1776-1997). Clang Association and Semantic Change Similarity or identity of sound may likewise influence meaning. Fay, from the Old French fae fairy has influenced fey, from Old English fà ¦ge fated, doomed to die to such an extent that fey is practically always used nowadays in the sense spritely, fairlylike. The two words are pronounced alike, and there is an association of meaning at one small point: fairies are mysterious; so is being fated to die, even though we are all so fated. There are many other instances of such confusion through clang association (that is, association by sound rather than meaning). For example, in conservative use fulsome means offensively insincere as in fulsome praise, but it is often used in the sense extensive because of the clang with full; fruition is from Latin frui to enjoy by way of Old French, and the term originally meant enjoyment but now usually means state of bearing fruit, completion (Rex, 1969); fortuitous earlier meant occurring by chance but now is generally used as a synonym for fortu nate because of its similarity to that word. (T. Pyles and J. Algeo, The Origins and Development of the English Language. Harcourt, 1982) President George W. Bushs Clang Associations [George] Bushs spontaneous public statements also suggest that he listens to and uses words based on their sound, not on their meaninga practice known in psychology as clang association. This accounts for many of his famous malapropisms: commending American astronauts as courageous spacial entrepreneurs, referring to the press as the punditry, wondering whether his policies resignate with the people, warning Saddam Hussein that he would be persecuted as a war criminal after the fall of Iraq. (Justin Frank, Bush on the Couch. Harper, 2004) Clang Association in the Language of Schizophrenics [E]arly investigations into the language of schizophrenics (see Kasanin 1944) came upon the phenomenon of a spate of talk being touched off by the sound of some word in a prior utterance (so-called clang association), a phenomenon which students of conversation will recognize as not uncommon in ordinary talk. But having found it through the close examination of schizophrenic talk (talk which could be so closely examined by virtue of its speakers disgnoses), it was taken as specially characteristic of such talk. So also with childrens talk, etc.(Emanuel A. Schegloff, Reflections on Talk and Social Structure. Talk and Social Structure: Studies in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, ed. by Deirdre Boden and Don H. Zimmerman. University of California Press, 1991) The Lighter Side of Clang Associations All right, Cranberry said. Your trouble is, you cant pass a word up. Youre a compulsive punner. . . .There is something we call Klang associations. Its a sort of chain punning, and is characteristic of certain encysted types. Your pattern is a complex and refined variation of these word salads.It is also, I answered coolly, if I am not mistaken, the method by which James Joyce constructed Finnegans Wake. . . .At length, my habit cleared up. . . . [W]hen a dinner companion exclaimed that she had glimpsed three wedges of southbound geese over her rooftop in one day, I [did not] succumb to the temptation to murmur, Migratious!(Peter De Vries, Compulsion. Without a Stitch in Time. Little Brown, 1972)

Britain's transition from a predominantly rural pre-industrial nation Essay

Britain's transition from a predominantly rural pre-industrial nation to a more urbanized industrialised country was the key change in economic and social development in the century after 1750 discuss - Essay Example From an historical perspective, the difference was fundamentally transformational. The changes wrought by industrialization have set human society on an arguably irreversible path. The country of origin of these changes and thus also the country wherein occurred much of the first research into them was Great Britain. There has been much debate as to the reasons for their onset, but as to the existence of the changes themselves, very little in the way of denial can be maintained. It was in Britain that the sparks of the Industrial Revolution were first lit and the appearance of ‘modern’ socio-economic phenomena began to be seen: urbanization and rationalization. As Eric Hobsbawm put it: ‘[t]he Industrial Revolution marks the most fundamental transformation of human life in the history of the world recorded in written documents’ (Walton 1987, p. 89). In the case of Britain and the world then, the changes were both fundamental and prototypical. Britain was the first to undergo them. Volumes could be written about all these changes. Here we will seek to analyse some of them so as to get an idea of their effects. The case must be made that these changes stood as the most significant economic and social developments of the last three centuries. It must be recalled that the nature of socio-economic relations prior to industrialization were feudal. Here we must look at the Britain of the mid to late nineteenth century and in a way compare it the one which existed 100 to 150 years prior. This should not be allowed to foster an all too simplistic depiction of the industrialization/modernization process as being one which did not exist and then did exist ex nihilo. The modern era and industrialization, as the socio-economic stage after feudalism, came about gradually and not ‘all at once’. For the purposes here, these phenomena will be presented with attention paid to

How to support an area of personalised learning in the primary Essay

How to support an area of personalised learning in the primary classroom Children with ADHD disorder - Essay Example 2009). In the United Kingdom, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a very common behavioural disorder that affects around 4% of school-aged children and youths (Robertson, 2008). Among the children, there is more diagnosis of ADHD in boys than in girls, indicating that most ADHD cases in primary schools involve boys than girls. Since this disorder affects learning and consequently performance of children in school, it is necessary for the teacher to use personalised learning. This paper is going to focus on how to support an area of personalised learning in the primary classroom. Thus, in order to handle a class of children with ADHD, a teacher should rely on the behaviour and discipline area of personalised learning (Maguire, Ball, & Braun, 2010). ADHD children are of special needs since they are easily distracted and talkative; they are very interruptive and impatient hence need extra help in learning. In this case, the teacher needs to understand how behaviour difficulties develop and are maintained to provide ample support to pupils ensuring that their needs are met (Humphrey & Lewis, 2008). Personalised learning relates to the behaviourism theory of education whereby the behavioural theory states that behaviour results from individuals’ learning from the environment in which they live (Sallis, Owen, & Fisher, 2008). The implication is that reinforcement will strengthen behaviour whereas those conducts not reinforced will disappear. In practice, the teacher should impose rewards and sanctions to encourage or discourage a given behaviour. However, it should be noted that these rewards or sanctions need to be applied disproportionately, such that not everything that a child does is criticised. For instance, teachers can use timers to set limits when children take turns in a group, and should praise those pupils who stay calm until lesson end without interrupting (Wyckoff & Unell, 2010). The

Advertisement in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertisement in India - Essay Example So McDonald’s decided to project itself as a food that caters for and addresses the needs of the â€Å"Indian† population. â€Å"McDonalds wanted to position itself as Indian and a promoter of family values and culture, as well as being comfortable and easy. Simultaneously, the brand wanted to communicate that, operationally, it was committed to maintaining a quality service, cleanliness and offering value for money† (Chaturvedi, n.d.). From the standpoint of marketing communications, McDonald’s directed its attention on developing a familiarity of the customers with its brand. McDonald’s did not use much of mass media like advertising on television in India until the start of the 21st century. Till then, the marketing efforts of McDonald’s paid emphasis on designing of the outlets, opening of new restaurants, and customization of its menus to the standards of Indian food. McDonald’s India primarily got success in India through strateg ic advertising meant to develop the customers’ familiarity with the brand as well as use of traditional Indian spices on the typical McDonald’s meals. Pepsi has always been popular in India and its popularity has only grown with the passage of time. Pepsi particularly realized the importance and influence of the Bollywood Film Industry on the people of India. Indians have a craze to follow their stars and celebrities in all aspects, so food was no exception as well. In numerous television advertisements of Pepsi that have been on-air from time to time, Pepsi has been using Indian superstars like Priyanka Chopra and Kareena Kapoor to promote its product. Not just this, Pepsi also has been closely examining the popular relationships of Indian superstars thinking that making the couples of actors from the Bollywood Film Industry act in its ads would have an even larger influence on the audiences and the idea actually worked. Another very important realization by Pepsi was the popularity of cricket among

Death Essay Example for Free

Death Essay Death, to many who believe in reincarnation is passing into another life. The quality of this life could be well dependent on the, â€Å"karma† or the deeds that one has carried out in previous birth. Death thus need not be the end of life but just a new beginning. Reincarnation is generally thought to be an Eastern belief predominantly prevalent in Buddhism. Karma, some believe is an ancient Hindu cliche increasingly picked up by Buddhist scriptures which provide a cause – effect link to our actions. Reincarnation takes these links further and seeks to provide a relation between our actions and its outcomes in this birth to our karma in the previous birth. Karma is generally said to be unseen to the common man but ancient Hindu mythology believes that it is evident to the wise and knowledgeable sage. There are many such believers of this phenomenon in the West as well. Stevenson (1980) has even supported it with extensive scientific reasoning and examples. The instances quoted are of children who are said to have taken to speaking about their earlier life immediately after they had started talking. There are some studies which link birth marks or defects with past lives. These defects are seen as the wounds on a person of previous birth, who is remembered in the embryo, wounds which could possibly have been fatal. (Stevenson, 1997). Rationalists and particularly rational biologists would not believe that the biological deformities which are found at birth such as defective speech, hearing or blindness could have been a cause of an accident in previous life rather than defective growth of the embryo in its formative stage. There has thus been extensive skepticism about reincarnation particularly amongst the rationalist of the West. However there are numerous believers of incarnation who quote a number of examples which are there in the Bible including the teachings of Jesus where John the Baptist is considered as a reincarnate of Elijah the prophet. What then is the reality?

jackson :: essays research papers

Jackson inspired much of America during his eight years as president. His rise from the backwoods of Carolina to the nation's highest office helped inspire hope that in America anyone could accomplish anything. His message to Americans helped jumpstart movements in improve public education, abolish debtors' prisons, organize for women's rights, care for the infirm and indigent, and in general work to the world a better place. Jackson reached out to the people that he governed in a way no prior President had, encouraging them and showing a unique humbleness that made him seem approachable. Jackson's "approachability," though, caused occasional problems. Once, while aboard a naval ship in Alexandria, an angry seaman punched the President in the face. Two years later, in 1835, Jackson faced the first known assassination attempt on a U.S. president. While Jackson was in the Capitol attending a funeral, a man named Richard Lawrence fired two pistols point-blank at the President–only to have both guns misfire. Jackson raised his cane and charged Lawrence, but an army officer wrestled the man to the floor before Jackson could attack. The charging of his would-be assassin is representative of how Jackson handled much of his Presidency: strong-armed and unafraid. When Jackson decided on something, he would relentlessly wear down his opponents. In addition to staring down the Bank supporters and the nullifiers, Jackson slowly won an argument which the French government that had dragged on for almost two decades. The French refused to pay Americans back for damages caused on shipping during the Napoleonic wars, even though they had paid such damages to the British. Then, finally, when damages were assessed in 1831, the French made no move to pay them. But with the people–even the Whigs–behind him, Jackson was not afraid to demand payment. In a message to Congress he suggested a bill to penalize French holdings for the amount of the damages, and in 1836 the French had paid four of six installments of damages. Jackson's announcement helped lay the groundwork for a successful White House bid by Vice Presid ent Martin Van Buren–thereby avenging Van Buren's failed nomination to be minister to Britain. Never one to leave a friend behind, Jackson also hoped to avenge the failed nomination of his Treasury Secretary, Roger Taney, whom he later nominated and had confirmed as Chief Justice. As a final chapter in his quest for financial stability in America, Jackson announced in December 1834 that the nation would by debt-free on January 1, 1835–the only time in American history that the government did not owe anyone anything.

Poverty and Child Development Essay -- essays research papers fc

From the very second I was born, until this very day, I had understood life to be a certain way. Life had taken its course and my family, as well as myself, have suffered ups and downs. We’ve been through times which were good and which were the worst of the worst – all families do. What I didn’t know is that regardless of the good and the bad, that the life I lived was sheltered to the point where I couldn’t fathom the idea that all people had not lived a life similar to ours. Sure, I understand that some were more fortunate and some were less fortunate, but to which extent? Within my circle of influence, our friends and family, there was a certain level at which we enjoyed our lives in a comfortable sense. We’d occasionally see a homeless person on the subway or in the city, but I never knew that there was a whole class of people in between. I’ve always heard of poverty and didn’t know much more about it except for the fact that peo ple existed that were less fortunate, those who lived in this supposed poverty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonathan Kozol’s book â€Å"Amazing Grace† depicts the issues that face families who are living in a world of poverty, homelessness and in a world where less fortunate is an understatement. Kozol writes about his experience in the South Bronx where he comes across some of the most disturbing facts about our fellow human beings. He speaks of families who live in an undernourished, impoverished society where a great majority of the inhabitants have been faced with disease. He visited a building in which one particular family has contracted the HIV virus. A woman contracted AIDS from her husband who she thought was faithful. Her daughter later contracted the deadly virus when she was raped by the father. In fact, in his conversation with a nurse who takes care of Alice Washington, a woman that Kozol interviews, in this building there are â€Å"Including the children, maybe 27 people† (Kozol p. 13, in Amazing Grace) She continues to say â€Å"The re’s lots of other people have it but don’t know.† People are so under-educated and under-privileged in the society where they live, that they are afraid to even find out if they have contracted the disease. This brings us to another problem that the families here are faced with, deprivation of help from the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Jonathan Kozol implies that there may... ... problems with women who have children out-of-wedlock. Although she defends the fact that they shouldn’t be judged as a whole because of that fact, it seems to me that she feels strongly about traditional family settings including a two parent, heterosexual household. Sidel also comes across as someone who has a hint of religion in her values. Personally, I agree more with the liberal standpoint. I feel that all people should be equal, especially since we’re all citizens of the same city, nation, and world. I believe we should have the same opportunities, almost as much as I believe that those who want to achieve something in live – will take the initiative and shape their destiny to reach their goals. Bibliography Kozol, Jonathan. Amazing Grace. NewYork: Crown, 1995. 1-24. Kozol, Jonathan. Amazing Grace. NewYork: Crown, 1995. 27-54. Sidel, Ruth. â€Å"The Enemy Within† Keeping Women And Children Last. NewYork:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Penguin, 1998. 1-32. Surgrue, J. Thomas. â€Å"Poor Families in an Era of Urban Transformation.† American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Families. Stephanie Coontz, Maya Parson, Gabrielle Railey, Routledge, 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  243-257.

Flight Patterns Essay

What is Sherman Alexie’s notion of the reality behind a story as this notion is presented in â€Å"Flight Patterns† I think Sherman ‘s notion of reality is that life is full of contradictions. The society sets up so many rules for people to follow, and people are often judged by their ethnic group, gender, religion†¦etc. Accordingly, they have to behave properly in order to meet the expectations. However, in reality not every person can deal easily with the role he is supposed to be in. For example, William doesn’t want to choose between American and Spokane. He loves them both. In religion, he is a generously religious man. In ethnic, he is a Spokane Indian while having in civic life like most American. In the text, it states that† William wanted all of it .Hunger was his crime.† I think Sherman Alexie points this out to tell us that in reality, a person might feel bemused to make a choice among all he wants. Fikadu faces the difficulties between killing his own people for Selassie and living with his family. William faces the difficulty between jobs and family. They both make up their mind and make the difficult choice despite feeling uncomfortable. The reality is not perfect as we may consider it. People sometimes have to make sacrifices or compromises to accomplish a bigger task. I think William chooses to believe Fekadu’s story because no matter it is true or not, it tells the essence of reality in this society.

How to Make Crystal Clear Ice Cubes

How to Make Crystal Clear Ice Cubes While you are making glow in the dark ice, why not make some clear ice? There is a trick to making clear ice cubes, but it isnt complicated and doesnt require an expensive restaurant ice machine. You need pure water and you need to control how it cools. The ice maker in a typical home freezer has a water filter, but usually produces opaque ice. This is because the water doesnt cool at the right rate to produce clear ice or else there is a lot of air in the water. Clear ice is easily made using bottled water that had been purified using reverse osmosis  or  distillation, but you can make clear ice from tap water. To do this, boil the water to remove most of the dissolved air. Ideally you want to boil the water, let it cool, then reboil again. But, you should be able to get good results just boiling the water once. Let the water cool slightly to minimize the risk of getting burned and then pour it into an ice cube tray and put it in the freezer. So,  you can make clear ice by boiling and freezing filtered water, but the cooling rate is also important. If the ice freezes too slowly the result is milky on the bottom and clear on top. Unfortunately, you dont have a lot of control over the freezers cooling rate. You can play with the starting temperature of the water until you get the results you desire. What can you do with clear ice? One thing you can do is to use it as a magnifying glass. In a pinch, you can use an ice lens to start a fire. Also, unless you like the taste of quinine, clear ice tastes a lot better in drinks than glowing ice.

Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essayEssay Writing Service

Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essayEssay Writing Service Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essay Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essaySecond language acquisition is a complex processwhich depends on a number of factors, such as cognitive development, cultural background, personal abilities, motivation, socio-economic background, age and the level of native language acquisition. Age is one of the important factors which influence second language acquisition. In addition, the age has strong influence on the level of native language acquisition and thus has additional meaning for the study process. Multiple researches have been performed in order to trace the relations between the age and second language acquisition. All these studies agree that age has an extremely important influence on language learning and that different researches in this field may greatly contribute to the theory and practice of second language acquisition. A lot of authors such as Ellis (2008), Larsen-Freeman (2008) and Mayberry and Lock (2003) state that younger learners are more successful in language study than aged ones.   The interconnection between age and second language acquisition is evident and it is necessary to trace peculiarities of this connection. This study aims to trace correlation between the success of language acquisition and learners’ age.FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONIt is important to explain the notion of second language acquisition. Under this process specialists understand the process of acquiring other but foreign language. Studies in this field are concerned with the investigation of the process where learner acquires any other but his first language. This process can occur both – in the natural surrounding and in the form of the organized study process.   The time of the beginning of study may differ significantly and may thus influence the results of the learning.First of all, it is necessary to distinguish factors which influence the learning process when it comes to second language acquisi tion. Different specialists name different factors. For example, Yigiter (1988) distinguishes three factors which have influence on language learning. These factors include the role of teacher, the leaner and his position, and the learning method.   Collier (1988) named leaner’s cognitive style, progress in native language acquisition and social and economic situation as the most influencing factors.The age of learning is one of the most important factors in the process of second language learning. A lot of specialists believe that it has extremely important influence on the results of the study.CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESES  Lenneberg (1967), one of the pioneers of the researches in the field of second language acquisition, expresses the   idea that there is a certain period of language learning which should be considered by teachers and educators. His ideas got name Critical Period Hypotheses in language acquisition and expressed a thought that there is a period during w hich language acquisition is easy and natural. The Critical Period Hypothesis can be defined as â€Å"the period during which a child can acquire language easily, rapidly, perfectly, and without instruction† (Richards Schmidt, 2002, p.145). During this period leaning process goes more successfully and the learners are more likely to achieve good results. This is explained by the fact that learning language is an innate characteristic peculiar to all human beings. It is regulated by the biological factors and they determine the certain period when acquisition is the most effective.   This period lasts from two years to puberty. Starting from the age of two human brain becomes ready to acquire new things and to create new connections and correlations between things and objects. As Lenneberg (1967)   states in his famous book Biological Foundations of Language at the age of two or three years the period when the language can be acquired easier than in other time of life. Th is period lasts till the age of puberty. During this period language acquisition gives the best results and this is explained by the peculiarities of human brain.   So   according to this hypothesis during certain period of time human brain is naturally inclined to learn.This process lasts during childhood and youth and declines after puberty. Despite the fact that Lenneberg (1967)   himself names different time limits to this period, he still traces strong correlation between human activity and puberty. According to him after the period of puberty language abilities quickly become worse and the process of leaning becomes less effective. After puberty the functioning of brain changes in such a way that basic skill which are necessary for the successful language acquisition decline.   Ã‚  During this period learners show the best results in second language acquisition.   Lenneberg explains the duration of this period from biological point of view and uses the notion of late ralization. Lenneberg believes that language function is an innate characteristic of human brain and the process of language acquisition is not the process of learning new things but rather the process of the activation of the function which already exists.Lenneberg presupposes that during the childhood and early youth the right hemisphere takes part in the process of learning language. According to him, in the beginning both hemispheres take part in the process and it has got the name lateralization. Lateralization is a process when two sides of the brain develop special function. With the flow of time right hemisphere loses its language function and it passes totally to the left one.  Ã‚   As soon as this process is over, language acquisition become more difficult. Lateralization is usually finished by the age of puberty. So, after the age of puberty language acquisition becomes more difficult. Lenneberg made different research and spend much time to investigate the critical per iod of successful language learning. He compared pronunciation of people who started learning language before the puberty period and after it and came to the conclusion that people who start learning language later than puberty period can not acquire the right accent in contrast to children and teenagers who start second learning acquisition before puberty and speak with little accent or without accent at all. These argument are also supported by the study performed by Fathman (1975)   and Williams(1979).   Fathman summed up his research in the work called The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability, Language Learning, and Williams in the article called The Modification of Speech Perception and Production in Second Language Learning. After several years of study of pronunciation they came to the conclusion that younger students were more likely to adapt the pronunciation of the language acquired while the older ones were more likely to speak with an accen t. These researches prove again the findings of Lenneberg about the critical period hypothesis. Later researchers have also proved his ideas about brain activity and connections between left and right hemispheres. Critical Period Hypothesis is an important notion in the study of   the influence of age on second language acquisition. Despite the fact Lenneberg made his investigation a lot of years ago his ideas are still up to date and most of them are useful nowadays. Knowledge about Critical Period can become a powerful tool for teaches of the second foreign language and for those who wants to acquire it. The functioning of brain and the structure of human psychics definitely have an extremely important influence on the process of language study and this knowledge can increase teaching results to a great extent.OLDER LEARNERS AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONA lot of researches started taking for granted Lenneberg’s studies about age limitation (12-13 years) in the second la nguage acquisition. However, still there are researches (Singleton) which show that older learners are also successful in the second language and able to reach the same level or even higher as the young learners do. Singleton states that language capacity of some immigrants improves with time. He refers to Ervin-Tripp which took place in 1974 as an example: â€Å"Ervin-Tripp conducted of 31 young English speaking children who had been exposed to French for a period that spanned nine months. The results of Ervin-Tripp’s research showed that the older students outperformed the younger learners in every field of the learning process† (Singleton, 2004, p.184). He also gives another example of Dutch learners who started learning English in the classroom after the age of twelve. These learners were able to gain native-like accent (Singleton, 2004).   However, these are single cases and more exceptions from the rule and even Singleton himself states that for the long run yo ung learners are able to reach more language proficiency than those who started learning the second language after twelve.Krashen (1979) also investigates this subject and presents short- and long-term results in the second language acquisition among children and adults. His conclusions are the following: adults and older children come through stages of morphological and syntactic development quicker than children, but early start or second language learning usually guarantees higher general language proficiency with the flow of time.STAGES of SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONThe process of Second Language Acquisition consitsts of 5 stages. Haynes (2007) marks out the following stages: Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency and Advanced Fluency. The Preproduction stage is also called â€Å"the silent stage† and the learner’s vocabulary is up to 500 words at this period. At the Early Production stage the learner’s vocabulary grows up to 1000 words and he/she is already able to build up simple phrases and use short language forms. At the stage of Speech Emergency the vocabulary is about 3000 words and the learner builds simple phrases and sentences here. The stage of Intermediate Fluency presumes the vocabulary of about 6000 words and at this stage the learner is able to make more complex sentences and his/her comprehension of the second language is great. The last stage called Advanced Fluency can be compared with almost native speaker’s language abilities, however, it takes time to achieve it – around 5-10 years in average (Haynes, 2007).Halgunseth (2009), a SLA researcher, states that children can learn the second language in two ways: simultaneously or sequentially. Simultaneous learners are children under three who learn their mother tongue at home and acquire the second language in the kindergarten or other close surrounding. Young children from multi-language families also learn two or even mor e languages simultaneously: mum speaks German, for example, and dad speaks English. The child makes no difference between the languages and does not choose the favourite one. He/she subconsciously knows what language to use with a particular member of the family and does not mix them up. Children’s brain allows them to learn more than one language. If children hear two different languages, they construct two different language systems in their brain. Each system corresponds to the one language. The construction of such systems reminds the process of language acquisition which occurs when the person stats learning not native language.   (Halgunseth 2009). If one language is more frequently used in the family and prevails over the second one, with time the child feels it and declines   it. The frequency of the language usage may also depend on the time spent with the member who speaks the particular language.The sequent learning presumes the usage of one language as the mot her tongue (the main language) and introduction of the second language at extra classes or language school, for example.   Halgunseth (2009)   insists that the age factor is crucial for the simultaneous learning, while it is not so important for the sequent learning. The factors which influence the sequent learning are motivation and language capacity.CONCLUSIONIt is generally believed that younger learners are more successfully in mastering the second language. A lot of specialists believe that the younger the learner is, the easier the study process goes. In reality the relationship between and success in learning second language is complex . From the one side Critical Period Hypothesis theory states that early age is the best age for language acquisition, from the other side mystery in native language contributes greatly to the successful acquisition of the second language. There are specialists who doubt The Critical Period Hypothesis and state that older learners show bette r results than the younger ones. For example, David Singleton (2003) expressed an idea that â€Å"younger learners to do better in the long run in the matter of second language lexical acquisition is no more than a tendency† (p. 22). In addition, other factors have also a very strong impact on language acquisition. A lot of authors state that surrounding and social factors have a very important impact on the study success. For example, if the person learns language in the class during lessons, his result will be different from the person’s results person who lives in the language environment and has an opportunity to hear the target language all the time. In addition, some specialists believe that older learners have better language competency and have better abilities for problem solving and thus can achieve better results in language acquisition. Different aspects of language are perceived differently by different age categories. Early learners show better results in learning pronunciation, while older students acquire grammar and syntax better. Language capacity is another factor which has an important impact on second language acquisition. Some people have natural ability to language study while others do not and these tendencies are only reinforced by age factors.